Webb has seen large amounts of dust in two large supernovae.

 

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed remarkable images of two supernovae, SN 2004et and SN 2017eaw, within the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. These supernovae are located 22 million light-years away from Earth and the hexagonal shape of SN 2004et in JWST’s image is an artifact of the telescope’s mirror and struts. The colors blue, green, and red were assigned to JWST’s MIRI data at 10; 11.3, 12.8, and 15.0; and 18 and 21 microns (F1000W; F1130), which revealed large amounts of dust within this cosmic system.

Researchers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have made significant progress in confirming the source of dust in early galaxies. By observing two Type II supernovae, SN 2004et and SN 2017eaw, they were able to detect large amounts of dust within the ejecta of each of these objects. This mass of dust supports the theory that supernovae were responsible for supplying dust to the early universe. This discovery has implications for astronomers’ understanding of the evolution of galaxies, as well as for the formation of planets and other bodies within galaxies. It is clear that supernovae played a role in shaping the early universe, and further research can provide even more insight into this important process.

Cosmic dust is an essential building block for many things in the universe, especially planets. For decades, astronomers have attempted to unravel the mystery of where this dust originates. Recently, it has been suggested that supernovae may be a significant source of cosmic dust.When a star dies and explodes, the expanding and cooling gas leftover from the explosion can form dust. This dust is then spread throughout space, providing the necessary elements to help form the next generation of stars and their planets. Supernovae thus play an integral role in the cosmic cycle of life and death, helping to create new stars and planets as old ones die away.

Supernovae like SN 2004et and SN 2017eaw, both located in NGC 6946 about 22 million light-years away, are too distant for traditional imaging techniques. Fortunately, the James Webb Space Telescope (Webb) offers the perfect combination of wavelength coverage and exquisite sensitivity needed to study these supernovae. Its Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) is capable of studying the dust production from supernovae, a breakthrough since the detection of newly formed dust in SN 1987A with ALMA nearly a decade ago. Webb’s MIRI is the only instrument able to capture the required data allowing to understand and study supernovae like SN 2004et and SN 2017eaw in unprecedented detail.

The discovery of an exceptionally high level of dust present in SN 2004et and SN 2017eaw provides strong evidence that supernovae are major dust factories.This contradicts the earlier notion of only intermediate-mass stars supplying dust in galaxies. While it was known that supernovae produce dust, the amount of dust able to survive the internal shockwave was yet to be determined. Program lead Ori Fox of the Space Telescope Science Institute noted that the amount of dust seen in SN 2004et rivals that of SN 1987A, despite being a fraction of its age. This suggests that a significant amount of dust is able to survive the shockwave, making supernovae an important source of interstellar dust. The implications from this discovery are potentially huge, as it can now be assumed that supernovae have been a major contributor to interstellar dust for much longer than previously thought.

Researchers have noted that the current estimations of dust mass around supernovae may be just the tip of the iceberg. Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope, researchers are able to measure dust colder than ever before, potentially unlocking an entire layer of dust previously hidden by the outermost dust layers. This means that even more information can be garnered from supernovae and their dust production, which could hold clues to unlock more information about the star from which they came from.There’s a growing excitement to understand what this dust also implies about the core of the star that exploded, After looking at these particular findings, researchers are going to be thinking of innovative ways to work with these dusty supernovae in the future. With these new capabilities offered by Webb, may soon be able to uncover even more secrets from these ancient supernovae and gain a better understanding of our universe.